1.黑豆對主要養分的需求

黑(hei)(hei)豆(dou)在(zai)糧油作物中(zhong)(zhong)，經濟價(jia)值相(xiang)對(dui)較高。黑(hei)(hei)豆(dou)需(xu)氮(dan)雖多，但可通過根(gen)瘤固氮(dan)，一般可從(cong)大(da)氣中(zhong)(zhong)獲(huo)取5至7.5公(gong)(gong)斤(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)/畝，約為黑(hei)(hei)豆(dou)需(xu)氮(dan)的(de)40%至60%。每生產100公(gong)(gong)斤(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)黑(hei)(hei)豆(dou)，需(xu)要從(cong)土壤中(zhong)(zhong)吸(xi)(xi)收氮(dan)1.8至10.1公(gong)(gong)斤(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)，磷(lin)1.8至3公(gong)(gong)斤(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)，鉀2.9至3公(gong)(gong)斤(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)。黑(hei)(hei)豆(dou)所(suo)吸(xi)(xi)收的(de)養分遠(yuan)遠(yuan)高于水稻、小(xiao)麥和玉米(mi)。

2.黑豆的吸肥規律

黑(hei)豆(dou)(dou)生長(chang)發育(yu)分為苗期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、分枝(zhi)(zhi)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、開(kai)(kai)花(hua)(hua)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、結(jie)(jie)莢期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、鼓(gu)(gu)粒期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)和(he)成(cheng)(cheng)熟(shu)(shu)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)。全生育(yu)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)90至(zhi)(zhi)130天(tian)，其吸(xi)(xi)肥(fei)規律為：吸(xi)(xi)氮(dan)(dan)率。出苗和(he)分枝(zhi)(zhi)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)全生育(yu)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)吸(xi)(xi)氮(dan)(dan)總量(liang)的(de)15%，分枝(zhi)(zhi)至(zhi)(zhi)盛(sheng)花(hua)(hua)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)16.4%，盛(sheng)花(hua)(hua)至(zhi)(zhi)結(jie)(jie)莢期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)28.3%，鼓(gu)(gu)豆(dou)(dou)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)24%。開(kai)(kai)花(hua)(hua)至(zhi)(zhi)鼓(gu)(gu)粒期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)是(shi)(shi)黑(hei)豆(dou)(dou)吸(xi)(xi)氮(dan)(dan)的(de)高(gao)峰(feng)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)。吸(xi)(xi)磷率。苗期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)至(zhi)(zhi)初花(hua)(hua)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)17%，初花(hua)(hua)至(zhi)(zhi)鼓(gu)(gu)豆(dou)(dou)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)70%，鼓(gu)(gu)粒至(zhi)(zhi)成(cheng)(cheng)熟(shu)(shu)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)13%。黑(hei)豆(dou)(dou)生長(chang)中期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)對磷的(de)需(xu)要最(zui)多。吸(xi)(xi)鉀(jia)率。開(kai)(kai)花(hua)(hua)前累(lei)計吸(xi)(xi)鉀(jia)量(liang)占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)43%，開(kai)(kai)花(hua)(hua)至(zhi)(zhi)鼓(gu)(gu)粒期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)占(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)39.5%，鼓(gu)(gu)粒至(zhi)(zhi)成(cheng)(cheng)熟(shu)(shu)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)仍需(xu)吸(xi)(xi)收(shou)17.2%的(de)鉀(jia)。可見，開(kai)(kai)花(hua)(hua)至(zhi)(zhi)鼓(gu)(gu)粒期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)既(ji)是(shi)(shi)黑(hei)豆(dou)(dou)干物質累(lei)積(ji)的(de)高(gao)峰(feng)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)，又是(shi)(shi)吸(xi)(xi)收(shou)氮(dan)(dan)磷鉀(jia)養分的(de)高(gao)峰(feng)期(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)。

3.黑豆的施肥的技術要點

黑(hei)豆(dou)的(de)(de)(de)施肥(fei)體(ti)系(xi)一(yi)(yi)般由基肥(fei)、種肥(fei)和追肥(fei)組成。施肥(fei)的(de)(de)(de)原則是既要(yao)(yao)保(bao)證黑(hei)豆(dou)有足夠的(de)(de)(de)營(ying)養，又(you)要(yao)(yao)發揮根瘤菌(jun)的(de)(de)(de)固(gu)氮(dan)作(zuo)用。因此無論是在生(sheng)長前期(qi)或(huo)后期(qi)，施氮(dan)都不(bu)應該過量(liang)，以免影響根瘤菌(jun)生(sheng)長或(huo)引起倒伏。但另(ling)一(yi)(yi)方(fang)面，也必(bi)須糾正那種“黑(hei)豆(dou)有根瘤菌(jun)就(jiu)不(bu)需(xu)要(yao)(yao)氮(dan)肥(fei)” 的(de)(de)(de)錯誤概念(nian)。施肥(fei)要(yao)(yao)做(zuo)到(dao)氮(dan)磷鉀肥(fei)大量(liang)元(yuan)素(su)和硼鉬等微量(liang)元(yuan)素(su)合理搭(da)配，遲效、速效肥(fei)并用。

4.基肥施用有機肥是黑豆增產的關鍵措施

在輪作地(di)上可在前茌糧食(shi)作物上施用有(you)(you)(you)機肥(fei)料，而黑(hei)豆(dou)則利(li)用其后效(xiao)。有(you)(you)(you)利(li)于結瘤固(gu)氮，提高黑(hei)豆(dou)產量。在低肥(fei)力土壤上種(zhong)植黑(hei)豆(dou)可以(yi)加過磷酸(suan)鈣、氯化鉀各10公斤(jin)作基肥(fei)，對黑(hei)豆(dou)增產有(you)(you)(you)好處。

種(zhong)(zhong)肥一般(ban)每畝(mu)用10公(gong)斤至15公(gong)斤過磷酸(suan)鈣(gai)或(huo)5公(gong)斤磷酸(suan)二銨作(zuo)(zuo)種(zhong)(zhong)肥，缺硼的土壤加硼砂0.4至0.6公(gong)斤。由于(yu)(yu)黑豆是雙子葉作(zuo)(zuo)物，出苗時(shi)種(zhong)(zhong)子頂土困難，種(zhong)(zhong)肥最好施于(yu)(yu)種(zhong)(zhong)子下部或(huo)側面，切勿使(shi)種(zhong)(zhong)子與肥料直接接觸。

追肥(fei)實(shi)踐證明，在黑豆(dou)幼苗期，根(gen)部尚未形成根(gen)瘤(liu)(liu)時，或根(gen)瘤(liu)(liu)活(huo)動(dong)弱時，適量施(shi)用氮(dan)肥(fei)可使植(zhi)株生長健(jian)壯，在初花期酌(zhuo)情施(shi)用少(shao)量氮(dan)肥(fei)也(ye)是必要的(de)(de)。氮(dan)肥(fei)用量一般以(yi)畝施(shi)尿素7.5至10公斤(jin)為宜(yi)。另外(wai)，花期用0.2%至0.3%的(de)(de)磷酸二氫鉀水(shui)溶(rong)液(ye)或過磷酸鈣水(shui)根(gen)外(wai)噴施(shi)，可增(zeng)加籽(zi)粒含(han)氮(dan)率，有(you)明顯增(zeng)產作用；花期噴施(shi)0.1%的(de)(de)硼砂、硫酸銅、硫酸錳水(shui)溶(rong)液(ye)可促進籽(zi)粒飽滿，增(zeng)加黑豆(dou)含(han)油(you)量。

如果您(nin)有更多關于(yu)黑(hei)(hei)豆種植技(ji)術的信息想(xiang)要知道(dao)，可以點擊查看農(nong)業(ye)之友網(wang)站黑(hei)(hei)豆頻(pin)道(dao)詳細了解，希(xi)望能夠幫到大家(jia)。