我國休閑農業現狀

我(wo)國(guo)(guo)休(xiu)(xiu)閑(xian)(xian)農(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)經歷了40多年的(de)發展，各地休(xiu)(xiu)閑(xian)(xian)農(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)與(yu)鄉(xiang)村(cun)(cun)旅(lv)游(you)(you)正在(zai)風(feng)生水起。中(zhong)商產業(ye)(ye)(ye)研究院數據(ju)顯示(shi)：2017年中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)鄉(xiang)村(cun)(cun)旅(lv)游(you)(you)接待(dai)游(you)(you)客(ke)28億人次，占(zhan)國(guo)(guo)內(nei)游(you)(you)客(ke)接待(dai)人次的(de)56%；營業(ye)(ye)(ye)總(zong)收入超(chao)7400億元(yuan)，占(zhan)國(guo)(guo)內(nei)旅(lv)游(you)(you)總(zong)收入的(de)16.2%。截(jie)至2018年8月，全國(guo)(guo)休(xiu)(xiu)閑(xian)(xian)農(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)和鄉(xiang)村(cun)(cun)旅(lv)游(you)(you)示(shi)范縣(市(shi)/區(qu))共388個、中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)美麗休(xiu)(xiu)閑(xian)(xian)鄉(xiang)村(cun)(cun)560個。全國(guo)(guo)休(xiu)(xiu)閑(xian)(xian)農(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)總(zong)體態勢(shi)良好(hao)，主(zhu)體多元(yuan)化(hua)、機(ji)制新型、功能(neng)及類型多樣化(hua)，休(xiu)(xiu)閑(xian)(xian)農(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)成為經濟社會發展的(de)新業(ye)(ye)(ye)態亮點(dian)。就(jiu)地區(qu)分布(bu)而言東部沿海地區(qu)發展得更快(kuai)；從不(bu)同省(sheng)份的(de)發展現(xian)狀來看(kan)，目前浙江、北(bei)京、上海、四(si)川等大城市(shi)周圍地區(qu)已(yi)成為休(xiu)(xiu)閑(xian)(xian)農(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)發展重鎮。北(bei)京、上海對休(xiu)(xiu)閑(xian)(xian)農(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)及鄉(xiang)村(cun)(cun)旅(lv)游(you)(you)顯現(xian)了強勁的(de)消(xiao)費潛力，浙江及四(si)川兩省(sheng)表現(xian)也非同凡(fan)響。但(dan)總(zong)體上皆因(yin)服(fu)務人員素質不(bu)高，服(fu)務規(gui)范欠缺，基礎設施不(bu)足等因(yin)素，影(ying)響了休(xiu)(xiu)閑(xian)(xian)農(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)及鄉(xiang)村(cun)(cun)旅(lv)游(you)(you)的(de)持續(xu)提升發展。

休閑農業積極作用

隨著近幾年人(ren)們(men)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)活方(fang)式和消費觀的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)改變(bian)，對于(yu)休(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)閑(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)認(ren)知度(du)和關(guan)注度(du)不斷增加(jia)(jia)(jia)，人(ren)們(men)追(zhui)求休(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)閑(xian)(xian)(xian)方(fang)式的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)多(duo)(duo)樣性，關(guan)注身(shen)心愉悅及(ji)親近大自(zi)然的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)需求也日益增加(jia)(jia)(jia)。休(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)閑(xian)(xian)(xian)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)是利用農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)景(jing)(jing)觀資(zi)源環境(jing)和農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)場(chang)景(jing)(jing)條(tiao)件(jian)，發(fa)展(zhan)觀光、休(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)閑(xian)(xian)(xian)旅游(you)(you)及(ji)鄉村(cun)旅居的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)新(xin)型(xing)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)經(jing)營形態。其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)是深(shen)度(du)開(kai)發(fa)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)資(zi)源潛力，增加(jia)(jia)(jia)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)收入(ru)，輔助城(cheng)鎮化，促進城(cheng)鄉一(yi)體化的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)新(xin)型(xing)現(xian)(xian)代農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)發(fa)展(zhan)模式。休(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)閑(xian)(xian)(xian)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)是農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)和旅游(you)(you)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)有機結合，是第(di)一(yi)產(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)與(yu)第(di)三產(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)協(xie)調發(fa)展(zhan)而衍生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)新(xin)型(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)第(di)二產(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)，也是鄉村(cun)旅游(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)要內容。從(cong)最初的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)無(wu)規模無(wu)組織的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)自(zi)行(xing)發(fa)展(zhan)，到(dao)現(xian)(xian)今形成了(le)規模化、集(ji)約化、產(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)化及(ji)特(te)色化，其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)形式多(duo)(duo)樣。其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)包含元(yuan)素較多(duo)(duo)，有鄉村(cun)自(zi)然環境(jing)、鄉村(cun)景(jing)(jing)觀、鄉村(cun)建(jian)筑、鄉村(cun)文化與(yu)風俗、農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)景(jing)(jing)觀、農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)、農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)村(cun)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)活等(deng)龐大的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“三農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)”資(zi)源，還在不斷的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)迭代更新(xin)中。休(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)閑(xian)(xian)(xian)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)連結著城(cheng)市與(yu)鄉村(cun)，發(fa)展(zhan)休(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)閑(xian)(xian)(xian)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)系促進城(cheng)鄉一(yi)體的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)要手段。休(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)閑(xian)(xian)(xian)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)積極作用可以從(cong)四個方(fang)面進行(xing)探討(tao)：首先，從(cong)國(guo)家(jia)層面來(lai)論，休(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)閑(xian)(xian)(xian)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)繁榮發(fa)展(zhan)有利于(yu)國(guo)家(jia)GDP的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)增長(chang)，縮(suo)小(xiao)城(cheng)鄉差距(ju)，提高農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)幸福(fu)指數；其(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)次，從(cong)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)角度(du)來(lai)論，休(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)閑(xian)(xian)(xian)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)展(zhan)使農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)民(min)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)收入(ru)得(de)到(dao)增加(jia)(jia)(jia)，生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)活水(shui)平得(de)到(dao)提升，改變(bian)了(le)面朝黃(huang)土背朝天(tian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)活方(fang)式；再次，從(cong)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)行(xing)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)本身(shen)來(lai)論:休(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)閑(xian)(xian)(xian)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)出現(xian)(xian)保(bao)留了(le)傳統(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)耕作方(fang)式，使農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)耕文化得(de)到(dao)保(bao)留和傳承，同時又改變(bian)了(le)傳統(tong)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)方(fang)式，使農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)進入(ru)一(yi)個不同的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)展(zhan)領域和發(fa)展(zhan)方(fang)向；最后(hou)，休(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)閑(xian)(xian)(xian)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)為城(cheng)鄉居民(min)提供(gong)鄉村(cun)休(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)閑(xian)(xian)(xian)旅游(you)(you)及(ji)參與(yu)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)事活動的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)場(chang)地。總之，休(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)閑(xian)(xian)(xian)農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)兼有生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)(chan)功能、休(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)(xiu)閑(xian)(xian)(xian)功能、經(jing)濟功能、社會功能、生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態功能、教育功能、康(kang)養等(deng)多(duo)(duo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)功能。

休閑農業如何做

做休閑(xian)農業首(shou)先是要(yao)合規(gui)合法利(li)用土(tu)地資(zi)源及農業資(zi)源，其(qi)具(ju)體做法主要(yao)考慮以(yi)下幾(ji)個方面(mian)：

（1）要(yao)(yao)從市(shi)場(chang)(chang)需求(qiu)(qiu)做好(hao)經(jing)營(ying)(ying)與(yu)(yu)管(guan)理(li)(li)(li)。休閑農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)是(shi)(shi)精品農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)，又是(shi)(shi)時尚(shang)產業(ye)，不是(shi)(shi)一般的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)普通農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)，其(qi)要(yao)(yao)有(you)吸(xi)引人的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)亮點(dian)，要(yao)(yao)符(fu)(fu)合休閑市(shi)場(chang)(chang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)需求(qiu)(qiu)，經(jing)營(ying)(ying)內容要(yao)(yao)多樣(yang)化，既要(yao)(yao)有(you)時鮮(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)消(xiao)(xiao)費產品，又要(yao)(yao)有(you)能(neng)休閑體(ti)驗的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)產品，兩者要(yao)(yao)緊密結(jie)合，符(fu)(fu)合消(xiao)(xiao)息者追求(qiu)(qiu)新奇的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)特性。休閑農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)園(yuan)區的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)管(guan)理(li)(li)(li)需要(yao)(yao)與(yu)(yu)現代(dai)經(jing)營(ying)(ying)管(guan)理(li)(li)(li)接軌(gui)。早期的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)休閑農(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)業(ye)園(yuan)區管(guan)理(li)(li)(li)落后，均(jun)為人工化管(guan)理(li)(li)(li)，而現代(dai)休閑業(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)管(guan)理(li)(li)(li)均(jun)為網絡化的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一站(zhan)式(shi)(shi)服(fu)務，從票務的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)預訂到費用支(zhi)付及消(xiao)(xiao)費者信息反饋等(deng)，均(jun)需采用現代(dai)化的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)便捷的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方式(shi)(shi)。只(zhi)有(you)管(guan)理(li)(li)(li)上了臺階，才能(neng)有(you)更好(hao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)效益。

（2）要有(you)(you)(you)創新(xin)開發思維。休閑農(nong)(nong)業要圍繞“鄉(xiang)、野(ye)、奇、特(te)、優、精(jing)”做(zuo)文章。鄉(xiang)，就是(shi)(shi)要以鄉(xiang)土氣息為主題(ti)，不(bu)要溶入太多的(de)城(cheng)市風味(wei)(wei)；野(ye)，就是(shi)(shi)要有(you)(you)(you)鄉(xiang)村曠野(ye)感，不(bu)能搞(gao)的(de)過于現代教(jiao)條化的(de)建(jian)設；奇，必(bi)須有(you)(you)(you)奇特(te)的(de)東西(xi)吸引人，從體驗(yan)、吃、玩等(deng)方面出奇；特(te)，就是(shi)(shi)要有(you)(you)(you)與別(bie)人不(bu)同的(de)東西(xi)，一個休閑農(nong)(nong)業產品(pin)(pin)必(bi)須有(you)(you)(you)自己唯一的(de)獨特(te)亮點；俗(su)，就是(shi)(shi)要有(you)(you)(you)農(nong)(nong)村民(min)俗(su)風味(wei)(wei)；優，就是(shi)(shi)要環境優越及優質的(de)服(fu)(fu)務；精(jing)，就是(shi)(shi)種養(yang)殖產品(pin)(pin)要精(jing)，服(fu)(fu)務也要精(jing)細。

（3）完善基礎設施(shi)建(jian)設，衛(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)環境達標。休(xiu)閑農業(ye)園區除(chu)了基本(ben)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)產活動外，重(zhong)要(yao)的(de)(de)內容(rong)是接待(dai)(dai)，讓(rang)消(xiao)費(fei)者能在園區內休(xiu)閑消(xiao)費(fei)并有愉悅感(gan)(gan)體驗感(gan)(gan)，這就(jiu)需要(yao)有較好的(de)(de)接待(dai)(dai)設施(shi)，如飯店或休(xiu)閑小(xiao)屋(wu)。休(xiu)閑接待(dai)(dai)業(ye)有較高的(de)(de)衛(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)環境要(yao)求(qiu)，環境舒適，休(xiu)閑消(xiao)費(fei)者才有較好的(de)(de)心(xin)理感(gan)(gan)受，才能產生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物有所值(zhi)的(de)(de)消(xiao)費(fei)快感(gan)(gan)及(ji)滿足感(gan)(gan)。

（4）產(chan)品(pin)更新升級。一些城郊型的農(nong)家樂式的休(xiu)閑(xian)農(nong)業園已經跟不(bu)上(shang)消費者的心(xin)理預期，普(pu)通表現(xian)為同質化(hua)，低(di)檔化(hua)。休(xiu)閑(xian)農(nong)業產(chan)品(pin)及接(jie)待服務等方面都需要升級換代(dai)。新的農(nong)業園區項目須從高(gao)起(qi)點高(gao)標準起(qi)步才能(neng)滿足市場需求(qiu)。

（5）注重傳統農(nong)耕(geng)文化提升(sheng)。休(xiu)閑(xian)(xian)產業(ye)同時也是一種文化產業(ye)，休(xiu)閑(xian)(xian)農(nong)業(ye)也需溶(rong)入傳統農(nong)耕(geng)文化元(yuan)素，目(mu)前農(nong)耕(geng)文化均以展覽陳列式為主，難有參與體(ti)驗感(gan)。活化傳統農(nong)耕(geng)文化，真正豐富休(xiu)閑(xian)(xian)內容與情趣是休(xiu)閑(xian)(xian)農(nong)業(ye)的關鍵。

（6）園區(qu)要(yao)有(you)專業規(gui)劃(hua)。休閑(xian)農業園區(qu)既要(yao)有(you)農業特(te)色，又(you)要(yao)有(you)休閑(xian)特(te)色。其是一種綜合服務產業，必須(xu)有(you)精心(xin)的設(she)計與規(gui)劃(hua)。要(yao)有(you)吸引消費者的時尚項目(mu)，還要(yao)有(you)長遠的發(fa)展安(an)排。

（7）休閑(xian)農(nong)業(ye)與(yu)鄉村(cun)旅(lv)(lv)游(you)必須圍繞旅(lv)(lv)游(you)要(yao)素開展(zhan)服(fu)務。要(yao)“吃(chi)”農(nong)家茶飯，“住”民(min)居(ju)村(cun)宿(su)，“行”綠色鄉道，“游(you)”田間河溪溝谷風光(guang)，“購”當地特色農(nong)產品，“娛(yu)”鄉村(cun)民(min)俗節慶，“賞”鄉村(cun)美景美物，“聞”鄉村(cun)民(min)間曲調，“學”民(min)間傳統手藝，“過”鄉村(cun)生活。